British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right). He is sometimes called a "warrior-king" because he personally led his troops into battle. His primary focus throughout his reign was on the south, and his victory stele at Semna (in Nubia) claims: "I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. Monogamy was emphasized as a value even among the stories of the gods and male gods usually had only one female wife or consort but the king was allowed to have as many wives as he could support, as could any royal man of means, and this most likely influenced how male infidelity was perceived. Statue of King Teti found near his pyramid at Saqqara; held at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE 39103) Senusret was the king's birth name and means 'Man of the Goddess Wosret'. Among politicians, Senusret III ranks 1,242 out of 15,577. The pyramid complex at Lahun was built for the cult and burial of king Senusret II, father of Senusret III. Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and Nefertiti. imported from Wikimedia project. Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. Senusret III's throne name was Kha-khau-ra ('Appearing Like the Souls of Ra'). More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign. I have made my boundary beyond (that) of my fathers; I have increased that which was bequeathed to me. [23], More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. [6] His Year 8 stela at Semna documents his victories against the Nubians, through which he is thought to have made safe the southern frontier, preventing further incursions into Egypt. Several daughters are known, although they also are attested only by the burials around the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the king is disputable. . Biographies.net. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River, (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). The fragment itself is part of the remnants of the temple construction. This policy disenfranchised most of the nomarchs but, interestingly, there is no evidence of resistance to it, nor is there any indication that the king was resented for a move which should have significantly affected the standard of living of a number of formerly powerful families. Other sons are not known.[4]. Every work, no matter the size, was made for a specific practical purpose: statues served the spirit of the person or god depicted, temples and monuments did the same, paintings and reliefs related important historical or religious narratives, combs, boxes, jars, brushes, amulets, swords, armor, all were designed with a purpose in mind; but they still had to be aesthetically pleasing. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. In sharp contrast with the even-exaggerated realism of the head and, regardless of his age, the rest of the body is idealized as forever young and muscular, in the more classical pharaonic fashion. The Sebek-khu Stele, dated to the reign of Senusret III (reign: 1878 1839 BC), records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in the Levant. Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. imported from Wikimedia project. Aside from his accomplishments in architecture and war, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. Although Senusret I and Senusret II engaged in Nubian campaigns, they never extended the border as far as Senusret III; this makes him the most likely historical basis for Sesostris. Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Senusret III has received more than 330,991 page views. Our very first achievement was the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Menes somewhere between 3100 BCE and 2900 BCE. 02 Mar 2023. During the era known as the First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) these nomarchs were more powerful than the central government and commanded the same respect previously accorded the kings of the Old Kingdom. An expedition under Ramesses IV consisted of 408 members in Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. Web. According to the Egyptian sources, Senusret III led four campaigns into Nubia during his sixth, eighth, tenth, and sixteenth years of rule. The Tomb of Senwosret III at Abydos: Considerations on the Origins and Development of the Royal Amduat Tomb. Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III) was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). This marked the beginning of the first Egyptian dynasty, and King Menes became the first pharaoh, or supreme ruler. Wegner's hypothesis is rejected by some scholars, such as Pierre Tallet and Harco Willems; according to them, it is more likely that such a coregency never occurred, and that the Year 39 control note still refers to Amenemhat III, who may have ordered some additions to Senusret's monuments.[14][15]. . Figure 2 This is often Djehutyhotep , Nomarch of the Hare Nome. Red Granite Offering Table of King Senusret III. Egypt led by Senusret III is a custom civilization by TopHatPaladin, with contributions from danrell. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. First discovered in 1902, the tomb of Senwosret III is one of the largest royal tombs ever built in ancient Egypt, though perhaps one of the least well understood. Perhaps Karabel Pass, with rock relief seen from the south [2.102] I shall make mention of the king who came after these, whose name was Sesostris. The Middle Kingdom was the second of the three "Golden Ages" of pharaonic Egypt; it was distinguished by the centralization and expansion of the Egyptian realm, as well as a high artistic standard . Senusret III was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. After the breakdown of central authority was complete, two major power centers emerged one was based in the Lower/northern Egyptian city of Heracleopolis while the other was in the Upper/southern Egyptian city of Thebes. Deviating from the . Callender, Gae. Mark, published on 26 July 2017. Senusret 3 was more military active than his 12th Dynasty predecessors, although much of this activity was against Nubia rather than Egypt's more northerly neighbors. What was the most important accomplishment of the first pharaoh? "Senusret III." Wiki . His father was the king Senusret II (c. 1897-1878 BCE) and his mother the queen Kenemet-nefer-hedjet-weret (usually given as Kenemetneferhedjet-weret and meaning 'united with the white crown-great one', a reference to the white crown of Upper Egypt). Probably responding to the growing strength of the native Nubian polities of the region, the king conducted four campaigns in which he quelled the nomads and extended the frontier to the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypts boundaries, and the fortifications he built along the border fostered lucrative trade. Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret IIIAmenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 249279. This will provide an opportunity for visitors to descend into the underground chambers and marvel at the architecture of the Egyptian builders who constructed the burial complex nearly four thousand . Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur. According to Josef W. Wegner, a Year 39 hieratic control note was recovered on a white limestone block from: a securely defined deposit of construction debris produced from the building of the Senwosret III mortuary temple. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. His Majesty reached a foreign country of which the name was Sekmem () Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" are associated with ancient Syria. Prior to Senusret III's policy, Egypt was divided between the upper-class nobility and the peasantry; afterwards, with nomarchs and their extended families no longer controlling the districts, lower-level administrators found upward mobility suddenly possible and took advantage of it. Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. Djehutyhotep was the son of Key and Teti, and grand-son of Nehri (possibly the Vizier Nehri from an earlier . World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade and urban development. An inscription documenting Senusret IIIs year sixteen campaign demonstrates just how brutal things were: Year 16, third month of the second season, (occurred) his majestys making the southern boundary as far as Heh. I am a king who speaks and executes. When the Middle Kingdom began, Mentuhotep II (c. 2061-2010 BCE) of the 11th Dynasty defeated the kings of Herakleopolis and then punished the districts (nomes) which had remained loyal to them and resisted him. License. The burial chamber was lined with granite. This campaign formally established Egypt's southern border near the second cataract on the Nile while positioning his garrison to enforce Egypt's border protection. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Senusret III was the son of Senusret II and Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder). Since the project was associated with a project of Senusret III, his Regnal Year was presumably used to date the block, rather than Year 20 of Amenemhat III. Hatshepsut was the elder of two daughters born to Thutmose I and his queen, Ahmes. Further, the Nubian respect for Senusret III naturally led to a greater veneration for his god, which resulted in religious harmony between the two countries. Aside from his accomplishments in architecture and war, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave (Figure 0). He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Cite This Work Above: Senusret II His father, Amenemhet II built his pyramid at Dahshure, but Senusret II built his pyramid closer to the Fayoum Oasis at Lahun. Still, the fact that the Greek writers used the Egyptian priests as their source material proves that even centuries later the Egyptians continued to revere the memory of Senusret III. The sphinx of Senusret III was found in Karnak, Egypt. There are fundamental changes during his reign in material culture and in the administration. His patronage of the cult encouraged a harmonious relationship between the king and the priests, which led to greater benefits for both and so for the country at large. [2] These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known from their burials next to the pyramid of the king at Dahshur. Senusrets greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. I have added to what was bequeathed me. Above this was a third mudbrick vault. Caitlin Barnebee. 1 reference. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Khakhaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. Senusret III: A Pharaoh, A Collector, A Legacy in the Sand. There is no widespread famine recorded during Senusret III's reign nor any indication he had a foreigner as vizier. The true son is he who champions his father, who guards the border of his begetter. Wegner stresses that it is unlikely that Amenemhat III, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on his father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign. He was to attack Nubia in several occasions - Year 8, 12 and 15 especially, the Nubians had gradually moved pass the border of the 3rd Cataract, given impetus by the two previous . () As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. Inscriptions on the tombs of these nomarchs at Beni Hassan repeatedly give evidence that these people continued to be employed by the state and took pride in their positions and their king. Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king. The Middle Kingdom kings also decided to build their royal necropolis close to their new capital near the modern city of Lisht in the Fayum region of Middle Egypt. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. I captured their women, I carried off their subjects, went forth to their wells, smote their bulls; I reaped their grain, and set fire thereto. Pharaohs of the New Kingdom of Egypt would emulate his reign, and centuries after his death he was still prayed to and worshiped as a divine representative of the best gifts the gods gave to the Egyptian people. Senusret I (Middle Egyptian: z-n-wsrt; /su nij was.i/) also anglicized as Sesostris I and Senwosret I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC (1920 BC to 1875 BC), and was one of the most powerful kings of this Dynasty. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. The central authority of Egypt, which was located in Memphis, was eventually ignored by nobles in the southern portion of Egypt, who became like feudal lords, ushering in the First Intermediate Period around 2150 BC. Statues of Senusret III in the British Museum Pharaoh Reign 1878 - 1839 BC (Twelfth Dynasty) Predecessor Senusret II Successor Amenemhat III Royal titulary Horus name Netjerkheperu Nrj-prw Horus, divine of form Nebty name Netjermesut Nrj-mswt The two ladies, divine of birth Golden Horus Kheper Bjk-nbw-pr The golden Horus has been created Situated between the better known Old and New Kingdoms was Egypts Middle Kingdom (ca. Dictionary of African Biography. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. Although he defeated them numerous times in battle, the Nubians so respected him that he was venerated in their land as a god. [17], Senusret III is well known for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable as his. Kheperkare Senusret I was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. There has been speculation that Senusret was not necessarily buried there, but rather, in his sophisticated funerary complex in Abydos and his pyramid more likely being a cenotaph. The popular view of life in ancient Egypt is often that it was Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. What is so important about Sesostris III? With the southern border secure, Senusret III commissioned a canal enlarged at Sehel to facilitate trade between Nubia and Egypt, which allowed merchants traveling by water to avoid the perils of the Nile rapids at the First Cataract. It is made of gneiss. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 16:33. Since the first cataract canal had such high military and economic importance, Senusret III made sure that it was regularly maintained. Among people born in 1950 BC, Senusret III ranks 1. [3], Senusret III was the son of Senusret II and Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder). He had many temples, shrines, and religious monuments built and improved. She is having trouble identifying the themes of the book. The clearest evidence for this is the veneration of the god Amun in Nubia and the construction of temples and buildings modeled on Egyptian architecture. Senusret II built a unique statue shrine of Qasr es-Sagha on the north eastern corner of the region, though it was left undecorated and incomplete. The text reads "His Majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. Exactly why the last expedition was considered necessary is unclear, but Senusret III led his army toward Nubia when upon reaching the Nile crossing he found the water level lower than expected. I have added to what was bequeathed to me. She was also the mother of the successor Amenemhat II. The text reads "His Majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. Senusret III's statues, however, depict the king as he would have looked at different times in his life, from his youthful confidence (the statue wears the trace of a smile) to the most famous work showing the aged king weathered by the affairs of state. Sobekemhat was treasurer too and buried at Dahshur. Senusret III. The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh. The militias of the different nomes were disbanded and absorbed into the standing army of the king and the removal of the nomarchs facilitated greater wealth for the crown. His Majesty reached a foreign country of which the name was Sekmem () Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" are associated with ancient Syria. Memorability Metrics 360k Page Views (PV) 66.38 Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 43 Languages Editions (L) 8.65 Effective Languages (L*) 2.85 He notes that the only possible explanation for the block's existence at the project is that Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with his son Amenemhat III. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land here. The Semna inscriptions paint a picture of a complex relationship between the Egyptians and Nubians for example, Nubians were explicitly forbidden from entering Egypt, but trade and social interaction was allowed and even encouraged to some extent at the forts. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Military Campaigns. (2017, July 26). From the Old Kingdom onwards, Egyptian kings struggled with this particular cult which, at times, was more powerful than the crown. 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